Blending/synthesis - Combining separate phonemes or speech sounds and pronouncing them as whole words (e.g., /t/ /o/ /p/ = top).
Lexical restructuringoperations: phonological awareness, retrieval of phonologically coded information from the lexicon, and phonological coding in working memory.
Phonological processing- an auditory processing skill that involves detecting and discriminating differences in speech sounds includes memory, retrieval, and awareness.
Phonological coding in working memory- retaining and retrieving phonological information to decode words and read fluently
Phonological retrieval – the ability to access sound-based codes from memory
Phonological awareness/phonological sensitivity - Being cognizant of phonemes within spoken words; being able to manipulate sounds in words.
Phonological recoding - Translation from either oral or written representation into a sound-based system to arrive at the meaning of words in the lexicon (stored vocabulary) in long-term memory converting the letters and letter strings into their corresponding phonemes and reassembling the sounds to pronounce the word (Torgesen, Wagner, & Rashotte, 1997 as cited in Ehri, 2005) facilitated by graphophonemic knowledge and phonological awareness.
Segmenting/analysis – to split up a word into its individual sounds